Defect-engineered 2D and hybrid nanomaterials for next-generation energy storage devices

This Special Issue focuses on recent progress in 2D and hybrid nanomaterials for advanced energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and batteries. It highlights how defect engineering, interface control, and electrolyte optimization can improve charge storage, safety, and durability. Special attention is given to MXenes, polymers, metal oxides, and hybrid electrolytes, as well as spectroscopic and theoretical studies linking structure and performance. The issue also welcomes contributions on scalable synthesis, flexible devices, and sustainable material design. By combining fundamental and applied research, this collection aims to guide the development of next-generation, high-efficiency, and environmentally friendly energy storage technologies.