Zombie firms in network: congestion and evergreening

We explore the spillover impact of zombie firms in Türkiye by exploiting a rich administrative dataset that contains firm-level information on balance sheets, inter-firm sales, employment, and firm-bank level credit records. We document four key facts regarding zombie dynamics: (i) Leveraging matched firm-bank level credit registry data, we highlight the presence of an evergreening motive, leading to a misallocation of credit away fromproductive firms. At the same time, healthy firms in zombie-dense networks face reduced credit access. (ii) Zombie firms, which are on average less productive than the nonzombie firms, impede investment and employment opportunities at healthier firms. Nonzombie firms operating in sectors with a high prevalence of zombie firms experience lower sales, assets, and productivity. (iii) Incorporating B2B sales data structured similarly to firm-level input-output data, our study reveals that firms with stronger upstream or downstream zombie connections tend to exhibit reduced sales, investment, and employment compared to firms without any zombie connections. (iv) A higher number of zombie connections leads to significant reductions in markups, value-added, productivity, and EBIT margins due to the cascading effects on production technology, shifting it toward lower value-added. Additionally, a higher share of zombies in the upstream sector reduces input costs for firms due to excess production.