Generalizing the Bierbrauer-Friedman bound for orthogonal arrays

Official URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10623-025-01711-y

We characterize mixed-level orthogonal arrays in terms of algebraic designs in a special multigraph. We prove a mixed-level analog of the Bierbrauer–Friedman (BF) bound for pure-level orthogonal arrays and show that arrays attaining it are radius-1 completely regular codes (equivalently, intriguing sets, equitable 2-partitions, perfect 2-colorings) in the corresponding multigraph. For the case when the numbers of levels are powers of the same prime number, we characterize, in terms of multispreads, additive mixed-level orthogonal arrays attaining the BF bound. For pure-level orthogonal arrays, we consider versions of the BF bound obtained by replacing the Hamming graph by its polynomial generalization and show that in some cases this gives a new bound.