Multilayered citizenship in extended European orders: Kurds acting as European citizens

Abstract

Drawing on an original empirical study of the European-level political practices of Turkish citizens/residents of Kurdish origin, this article advances the argument that political actors who lack the status of European citizenship can nonetheless engage in its 'practice'. While practices of European citizenship by non-citizen/non-resident actors are enabled by the extended economic, legal, political and normative orders developed around the EU, they are simultaneously transforming the European polity by blurring the inside/outside and citizen/non-citizen distinctions.